A p-value lower than 0.05 was considered significant. The statistical analysis was performed with Statistica 12.0 software (StatSoft Polska. It is calculated for each branch by dividing distance a by distance b, described above, and multiplying the obtained result by 100%. Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT).īased on the described measurements, we propose a new parameter that characterizes the degree of development of the spinous process–the branching coefficient. Defined and measured dimensions of the spinous processes–a zoomed view.Ī-length of the spinous process base b-length of the spinous process branch c-width of the spinous process branch “angle”–branching angle. Width of the spinous process branch-the maximum width of the spinous process measured in the axis perpendicular to line b (c) ( Fig 4).įig 4.Branching angle–the angle between lines a and b (deviation from the sagittal axis of the spinous process) ( Fig 4).The length of the spinous process branch is determined as a distance from the crossing point of the aforementioned lines to the tip of the spinous process branch (Figs 3 and 4). Then the line contingent to the external surface of the lamina of the vertebral arch is marked. Length of the spinous process branch (b)–first, for each branch a line is drawn connecting the most posterior point of the vertebral bony central canal to the tip of the branch.Length of the spinous process base (a)–the shortest distance from the most posterior point of the vertebral bony central canal to the deepest point between the two branches of the spinous process (Figs 3 and 4).To determine the exact dimensions of the spinous process and to characterize the morphology of bifurcation, the following parameters were used (Figs 3 and 4): Therefore, the presence of any dorso-inferior inclination of the vertebrae due to lordosis did not bias any measurements. The short axis of each vertebra from CII to CVII was obtained by scan reconstruction and by adjusting the examination planes for each vertebra. due to massive osteophytosis), presence of malignancies with bone metastases and examinations containing artifacts that prevent an analysis of the cervical spine from CII to CVII.įor data analysis the native console (SyngoVia, Siemens) was applied. The exclusion criteria comprised cervical spine injury (e.g. The inclusion criterion was a correctly-performed tomographic examination with the patient in the supine position the position of the scapulae was irrelevant, but with the head in a neutral position, as suggested by Otsudo et. Images were acquired according to a predefined protocol for examination of the cervical spine which performs spiral scans every 1 mm, and saves the obtained images in DICOM format with a B70 bone filter. RNN/299/16KE).Īll the examinations were performed with a 128-line Siemens Sensation scanner. The protocol of the study was accepted by the Local Bioethical Commission of the Medical University of Lodz (Resolution no. All patients included in the analysis were from Poland, Central Europe. An on-line random date generator was used ( ) to select days from this period and all examinations from a given day were analyzed. Ī retrospective analysis was performed of CT examinations of the cervical spine carried out between 20. It is of potential use in archeology, anthropometric studies, forensic medicine and comparative anatomy. Our study provides one of the first such detailed descriptions and quantitative analyses of the morphology of the spinous processes in the cervical spine. Therefore, it is necessary to create an original method for analyzing the variation in the morphology of spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae based on an objective morphometric measurement and statistical analysis. This may be because most existing studies do not specify the research methodology or employ subjective methods: for example, Shore and Duray. Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT).ĭespite its potential importance in anthropological or even forensic studies, no detailed data on variation in the degree of spinous process bifurcation can be found in the published literature. Three-dimensional volume rendering (VR) CT demonstrating bifid spinous processes in the cervical spine, level CII-CVII.
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